Feto In Fetus Pdf Free: The History and Classification of This Rare Condition

In alloimmunised pregnant women non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) can be applied to identify fetuses with increased risk due to the presence of at least one blood group specific nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) [1]. Since large-scale NIPT for RhD studies have been performed, the published confidence intervals for diagnostic sensitivity and specificity are relatively small. In contrast, smaller patient cohorts have been investigated to validate NIPT for other blood groups namely Kell, RhC, Rhc and RhE resulting in a very similar diagnostic accuracy compared with NIPT for RhD but with higher confidence interval [2,3,4]. To date, real-time PCR is the most common technology applied for the determination of fetal blood groups [1]. More recently, droplet digital PCR and next-generation sequencing have been proposed for noninvasive fetal molecular blood group genotyping, especially when antigens different from RhD have to be investigated [5,6,7]. Theoretically, compared with real-time PCR, the accuracy could be higher with these more modern methods. However, larger cohort studies still have to be done to provide evidence for this consideration.

It is very well established for over 50 years that the risk of Rhesus D (RhD) alloimmunisation and the number of subsequent cases of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) can be reduced by postpartal and routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis (RAADP) [8,9,10]. However, a considerable number of anti-D-immunoglobulin doses are applied unnecessarily in pregnancies with RhD negative fetuses. Because of the scarce supply of anti-D immunoglobulin and possible adverse reactions there has always been the goal to restrict this treatment to women carrying RhD positive fetuses only (targeted RAADP).

Feto In Fetus Pdf Free

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An AFP test is a test that is mainly used to measure the level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the blood of a pregnant person. The test checks the baby's risk for having certain genetic problems and birth defects. An AFP test is usually done between 15 and 20 weeks of pregnancy.

If you have a high risk for having a baby with certain birth defects, your provider may also recommend a test called prenatal cell-free DNA (cfDNA) screening. This is blood test can be done as early as the 10th week of pregnancy. It can show if your baby has a higher chance of having Down syndrome or certain other genetic disorders.

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and determine the effects of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy on the feto-maternal outcomes. It was a descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study on randomly selected 615 women who attended delivery at Yekatit-12 Teaching Hospital from 1st of July 2017 -1st of Jan 2018. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate rates. Chi-square statistics were used to estimate the associations among selected predictor variables. A p-value

The outcomes of pregnancy complicated by hypertensive disorders range from uneventful pregnancy in women with chronic but controlled hypertension to death in cases of preeclampsia-eclampsia [13]. The feto-maternal outcomes of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are affected by multiple factors. These embrace but are not limited to gestational age at onset, severity of disease, the presence of multifetal gestation, and the presence of co-morbid conditions including diabetes mellitus, renal disease, thrombophilia, or preexisting hypertension [4, 13, 15]. WHO estimates that the incidence of preeclampsia is 7 times higher in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries, and the risk of a woman in a low-income country dying of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia is 300 times that of a woman in a high-income country [16]. The risk of death due to preeclamptic disease increases when eclampsia supervenes on the clinical picture. Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia is responsible for an estimated 16% of global maternal mortality annually [17].

The perinatal mortality and morbidities such as low birth weight, preterm, SGA, IUGR, need for resuscitation as well as NICU admission are substantially increased in women with severe preeclampsia [13, 18,19,20,21]. The high perinatal mortality in women with HDP is mainly due to premature delivery and growth restriction [20]. The multi-country survey of WHO has shown that there were about 3- and 5-fold increased risk of perinatal death in women with preeclampsia and eclampsia, respectively, as compared to women with no preeclampsia/eclampsia [22]. The majority of perinatal deaths due to complications of HDP have occurred in the low and middle income countries [23]. In Ethiopia, there are few hospital based reports [10, 23, 24] on the maternal and fetal outcomes of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and they may not represent the larger population due to the low institutional delivery rate [25]. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and determine its common feto-maternal outcomes.

In order to assess the maternal and fetal outcomes of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, data was obtained from the medical records of the study subjects. The maternal parameters obtained included; chief complaints, maternal age, maternal vital sign, parity, gestational age, number of fetuses, other maternal risk factors for HDP (such as previous history of similar illness, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease), Highest systolic and diastolic blood pressure recorded, type of HDP, onset of HDP, severity symptoms of HDP, type of anticonvulsant and antihypertensive given. Furthermore, onsets of labor, mode of deliveries, as well as obstetric complications were obtained. Laboratory findings included; proteinuria, hemoglobin, platelet count, serum creatinine, BUN, serum uric acid level, and serum liver enzyme levels. Neonatal outcome parameters obtained included; gestational age, birth outcome (alive or not), birth weight, APGAR score at 1st, and 5th minutes, need for resuscitation, and need for NICU admission.

This study revealed higher prevalence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy compared to some other similar studies in the country. Such an elevated prevalence can be expected in the tertiary referral hospital recieving cases of complicated pregnancies from very large and wide catchment population. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy have detrimental feto-maternal outcomes mostly due to severe preeclampsia. There was no maternal mortality encountered in the present study, the rate of eclampsia was relatively low, and the rate of still birth attributable to the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy was also low compared to similar studies done in Ethiopia. Much of the obstetric researches in the past several decades have been directed at finding ways to prevent preeclampsia and eclampsia. However, there is no definitive preventive method for the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy to date apart from termination of pregnancy. Therefore, it is imperative to expand and strengthen the focused antenatal surveillance to early recognize the pregnant women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, provide them appropriate care and/or refer to the hospital with better care facilities. Up to date and goal oriented training for lower and middle level health professionals at the health centers and in the Hospitals can further increase their capacity for early detection of high-risk pregnancies, and timely referral to advanced tertiary health facilities.

Present study reports the trend of 1) mtDNA at cellular level and cell-free state, and 2) circulating ROS levels in the blood of normal pregnant females in comparison with non- pregnant females as controls. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to simultaneously analyze the mtDNA content in cellular and plasma fractions of blood along with plasma H2O2 levels in different trimesters of pregnancy and their comparison with non-pregnant group. Our results show that during normal pregnancy, the maternal mtDNA content displays an opposing trend in cellular vs plasma factions, compared to the non-pregnant group. We found that cellular mtDNA content declines significantly and circulating plasma mtDNA content increases significantly; in all three trimesters compared to non-pregnant conditions. However from the comparisons across different trimesters in pregnant group, the decrease in cellular mtDNA was significant only in 3rd trimester compared to 1st trimester and no significant difference was observed for plasma mtDNA content in different trimesters. Our results are in accordance with previous independent reports on the analyses of mtDNA content in whole blood or in circulation [13, 15]. For example, in a cross-sectional study on analyzing mtDNA content in normal pregnancy, Colleoni et al. reported a progressive decline in the mtDNA content in the whole blood from different trimesters, compared to non-pregnant women; and the maximum decline in mtDNA was observed in 3rd trimester compared to 1st and 2nd trimester [13]. In our study, we used cellular and plasma fractions from whole blood, and our cellular mtDNA analysis result suggested a significant decline in mt-DNA content in all three trimester compared to non-pregnant; similar to the previous report by Colleoni et al. [13]. However, while comparing among different trimesters; the reduction in mtDNA content was significant only in 3rd trimester compared to 1st trimester. Such a difference in our results from previous report could be because of the use of cellular fractions instead of whole blood for mtDNA analysis. Still, our results are partly in agreement that the late stages of pregnancy (3rd trimester) show significantly reduced mtDNA content in the cellular fraction of maternal blood (almost half) compared to early gestation or non-pregnant conditions. We observed larger mean differences in these comparisons during effect size analysis, which suggests that the difference in cellular mtDNA levels in different trimesters has practical significance. 2ff7e9595c